Carlos MundyNepal, a country nestled in the Himalayas and renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty and rich cultural heritage, has been a republic since the monarchy was formally abolished in 2008. However, the monarchy left an indelible mark on the nation’s history and identity. In recent years, calls for the restoration of the monarchy have gained momentum, with some Nepalese citizens viewing it as a potential solution to the political instability, corruption, and deep divisions that have plagued the country since it transitioned to republicanism.
Nepal’s monarchy, a historical institution that spans over two centuries, was established by the Shah dynasty in 1768 under the leadership of Prithvi Narayan Shah. The monarchy, deeply rooted in the country’s culture and religion, was historically perceived as the guardian of Nepalese sovereignty, particularly during the British colonisation of the region.
However, the political landscape changed dramatically in the 20th century, especially following the advent of democracy in 1951. By the early 21st century, Nepal was enduring a decade-long Maoist insurgency and the catastrophic royal massacre of 2001, events which severely weakened the monarchy’s standing. 2008, after sustained political pressure and mass protests, the monarchy was abolished, and Nepal was declared a federal democratic republic.
Despite its official abolition, the monarchy’s legacy continues to resonate within the national consciousness. Increasingly, there is a belief that its return could bring benefits, particularly in an era of political uncertainty.
One of the most compelling arguments for the reinstatement of the monarchy is its potential to serve as a unifying force in a politically fragmented nation. Since the end of the monarchy, Nepal has been grappling with continuous political upheavals, marked by a revolving door of prime ministers and coalition governments that have failed to establish sustained stability. The political landscape has been marred by factionalism, and many citizens believe that the republic has not delivered the governance or stability they had hoped for.
A reinstated monarchy, particularly in the form of a constitutional monarchy, could offer a nonpartisan figurehead, symbolizing national unity and transcending the political divisions. In constitutional monarchies like those of European nations or Japan, the monarch holds no executive power but symbolizes continuity, tradition, and national identity. The Shah dynasty, deeply intertwined with Nepal’s religious and cultural life, could once again represent a collective national identity, fostering cohesion among the country’s diverse ethnic and regional communities.
Nepal’s experiment with republicanism has coincided with significant political instability. Since abolishing the monarchy, Nepal has experienced significant political instability, with numerous governments rising and falling, and political parties often engaging in power struggles instead of focusing on long-term governance and development. This instability has hindered economic progress, stalled much-needed reforms, and contributed to widespread public disillusionment.
As a traditional and respected institution, the monarchy would offer a stabilising influence that transcends short-term political manoeuvres. With a monarch as a ceremonial head of state, Nepal could have a permanent, apolitical institution capable of offering stability during political crises, providing a sense of continuity and public confidence in the country’s leadership.
Nepal’s monarchy has historically been closely linked to the nation’s religious and cultural identity, particularly as the world’s only Hindu kingdom until its abolition. The monarchy’s reinstatement could reinforce Nepal’s cultural and spiritual heritage, offering a sense of continuity and pride for many Nepalese who feel alienated from the current political system.
Furthermore, the return of the monarchy could revitalize the country’s unique heritage and enhance its global standing. In an increasingly globalized world, where many smaller nations struggle to maintain their distinct cultural identities, the monarchy could act as a guardian of Nepal’s traditions, bolstering national pride and international recognition. The monarchy’s reinstatement could serve as a powerful symbol of Nepal’s rich cultural heritage, enhancing its global standing and making its citizens proud and reassured.
The Crown has always captivated international audiences. With the royal family playing a visible role in public life, the country could enhance its appeal as a tourist destination. Royal palaces, ceremonies, and festivals associated with the monarchy could attract visitors worldwide, further boosting its tourism industry, a vital component of the economy.
The monarchy’s return could also help Nepal regain a degree of soft power internationally, using royal diplomacy to foster international relationships. Constitutional monarchies utilise their royal families as essential symbols in diplomatic relations, hosting state visits and promoting cultural exchange.
In modern Nepal, the restored monarchy must remain purely ceremonial, encouraging democratic processes while positioning itself above the political fray. The monarchy could be a national unifier, supporting democratic reforms while respecting the people’s will. This vision of the monarchy as a unifying force can make the audience feel united and cohesive, fostering a sense of national identity and pride.
King Gyanendra, who was deposed in 2008. His legacy might have been vastly different if he had chosen a more conciliatory and reformist approach during his reign. Rather than seizing direct control, Gyanendra could have acted as a mediator between the political parties and the Maoists, positioning himself as a stabilising figure rather than a ruler seeking to consolidate power. It seems the King could have a second chance. With a second chance, King Gyanendra must focus on rebuilding the monarchy’s credibility by embracing a fully democratic constitutional monarchy. He needs to transform his role into a national unifier, remaining above political disputes and actively supporting democratic reforms.
To reinstate the monarchy, political leaders would need to collaborate in updating the constitution, ensuring the enshrinement of democratic principles while preserving the monarchy as a ceremonial institution. The country must evolve towards a political system that balances a ceremonial monarchy with a functioning democracy. The Shah dynasty could continue to hold a revered place in the hearts of many Nepalese citizens, particularly in rural areas where the monarchy retains deep symbolic significance.
A segment of the population remains, especially in rural regions and among traditionalists, who feel deeply nostalgic for the monarchy. More and more Nepalese view the monarchy as a national unity and cultural heritage symbol. Over the years, monarchist movements and protests have called for the monarchy’s restoration, reflecting many people’s enduring emotional connection to the Shah dynasty.
While King Gyanendra has primarily avoided politics, occasional public appearances and statements remind him of Nepal’s royal past. Once unpopular, his son, Crown Prince Paras, now maintains a low profile but occasionally generates positive media attention. The future of the Nepalese monarchy may well rest with Prince Hridayendra, the eldest son of Crown Prince Paras. In July 2007, before the abolition of the monarchy, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala called for King Gyanendra and Crown Prince Paras to abdicate in favour of the young prince. This could be a good idea for a fresh new start for the Crown.
The return of the monarchy in Nepal is a complex and contentious issue. Still, it also represents an opportunity for the country to reconnect with its historical roots and strengthen its national identity. A constitutional monarchy, with the royal family serving as a symbolic and unifying institution, could offer stability, continuity, and a renewed sense of national pride in a country that has struggled with political fragmentation and uncertainty. If managed carefully, the monarchy could play a constructive role in Nepal’s future, fostering unity and providing purpose in a political and social transformation.
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Giovanni R. Ruffini Professor of History Fairfield University, USA
Carlos Mundy
Clifford Thurlow
Charles Markeaton-Mundy
Metaphore Magazine